We all want to have an attractive appearance. However, it often happens that existing diseases prevent us from making our dreams come true. Nowadays, it is quite common to encounter skin diseases, which, of course, do not have the best effect on our appearance.
And so, let's talk in this article about such a topic as hyperkeratosis of the facial skin, and also consider its causes and treatment methods.
Naturally, at the very beginning of our conversation it is necessary to clarify what hyperkeratosis of the facial skin is. This is a disease that occurs due to the strong development of the stratum corneum of the skin.
The reasons for its appearance can be two types of factors - external and internal. The former include friction, the effect of lubricating oils, and pressure.
Pathogenesis and types of hyperkeratosis
Throughout life, a programmed process of division (mitosis), growth and death of keratinocytes - germ cells - occurs in human skin. They form in the basal layer of the skin, gradually moving to the top.
During migration, the cells lose water and organs, become flat and turn into corneocytes. These are dead cells, which are 80% keratin and form the basis of the stratum corneum of the skin. Gradually, the corneocytes slough off, giving way to new cells.
Under the influence of internal or external causes, a failure may occur in the process of mitosis. Cell division begins to occur in an enhanced mode. Corneocytes do not have time to exfoliate and stick together with newly arriving cells.
Another mechanism for the development of hyperkeratosis is based on a disruption in the process of desquamation of horny scales. Regardless of the cause, a thickening is formed on the surface of the skin, consisting of corneocytes, the layer of which can reach up to 4 cm.
Hyperkeratoses are divided by origin:
- congenital;
- acquired.
Clinical course:
- Follicular. With this form of hyperkeratosis, the pathological process affects the hair follicles. This leads to blockage of the follicular ducts by horny scales and the formation of small purulent-inflammatory foci in the affected area.
- Lenticular. This hyperkeratosis occurs in a chronic form, which most often worsens after prolonged sun exposure.
- Disseminated. In this form of pathology, dead cells form polymorphic elements that resemble short hairs. Rarely seen.
Hyperkeratosis itself does not pose a threat to human health. However, in advanced cases with the follicular form, purulent-inflammatory processes - pyoderma - can join the symptom complex.
Causes of hyperkeratosis on the face
Hyperkeratosis is not considered as an independent disease. It mainly manifests itself as a symptom in various pathologies. However, there are cases of independent formation of keratinization disorders, which mainly occur under the influence of external factors.
External factors, as a rule, cause local formation of keratinization of the skin. Main reasons:
- poor hygiene;
- long-term insolation;
- constant chapping of the skin;
- regular exposure to hard water;
- contacts with reagents and chemicals.
The causes of damage to large areas of the skin are internal causes:
- ichthyosis (genetic disorder of keratinization of the epithelium);
- psoriasis, lichens of various origins;
- dermatitis, erythroderma;
- fungal diseases;
- diabetes;
- disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract;
- deficiency of vitamins A, C;
- psycho-emotional stress.
Regardless of the cause, hyperkeratosis can be eliminated or long-term remission achieved. The success of treatment depends entirely on quick diagnosis and adequate therapy.
Mechanism of the disease
Each cell secretes a certain amount of different proteins, one of them is keratin. Pathological changes in the body lead to the fact that the superficial part of the skin ceases to separate.
Horny cells begin to rapidly multiply and produce excess amounts of keratin, as a result of which the epidermis constantly thickens - from a few millimeters at the beginning to 4-5 cm as it progresses.
Reasons for development
It should be noted that this disease is not independent , it always accompanies other skin lesions and can be present even in a healthy person without severe symptoms.
Diseases and disorders that cause skin hyperkeratosis:
- erythroderma;
- ichthyosis;
- lichen;
- diabetes;
- hypovitaminosis, especially with a deficiency of vitamins B2 and A;
- chronic intoxication;
- endocrine diseases;
- psoriasis;
- hereditary pathologies of keratin production;
- keratoderma;
- diseases of the digestive system.
Also, the reasons may be prolonged friction of the skin and increased pressure on it, for example, hyperkeratosis of the feet most often develops due to flat feet or wearing incorrectly selected shoes: inappropriate size, instep and width of the last.
In rare cases, thickening of the epidermis occurs due to psycho-emotional overload, stress and severe anxiety.
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Symptoms of hyperkeratosis on the skin
Follicular hyperkeratosis appears as small bumps located around the hairs on the facial skin. These are dense red formations that peel and itch. The external signs of the formations resemble the “goose bumps” that occur during a chill.
With the lenticular form of hyperkeratosis, papules of horny tissue ranging in size from 1 mm to 5 mm are formed. The formations are reddish-brown or yellow-orange in color.
After removal, a weeping surface prone to bleeding can be found under the papule. Papules are single and do not tend to merge. They do not cause much discomfort to the patient except for moderate itching, which rarely occurs.
In the disseminated form of hyperkeratosis, various elements are formed on the skin that resemble short and thick hairs. In some cases, they unite several follicles, taking the shape of a brush. They are characterized by active peeling.
Regardless of the form of hyperkeratosis, the patient’s skin is dry and pigmented. With tactile contact, distinct seals can be seen. Most often, elements of hyperkeratosis are localized in the space between the eyebrows, wings and sinuses of the nose. This is due to the abundance of sebaceous and sweat glands in these areas, which are susceptible to various types of infections.
Diagnosis of the disease
Diagnosis of hyperkeratosis is based on physical examination and medical history. The examination is carried out by a dermatologist. He clarifies the presence of somatic pathologies, hereditary predisposition to hyperkeratosis, possible use of hormonal drugs, dietary features and lifestyle.
In doubtful cases, a general blood test (determination of hypovitaminosis) and histological examination of tissues may be needed. The main diagnostic criterion is the nature of the formations on the skin.
In cases where hyperkeratosis is a symptom of internal pathologies, additional examination and etiotropic treatment are prescribed.
Who should I contact with a similar problem?
Scalp disease (hyperkeratosis) can lead to extremely unpleasant consequences. That is why, when the first signs appear, you should seek help from a specialist. First of all, you need to visit the office of a dermatologist, who will conduct an initial examination, prescribe the necessary tests and, possibly, recommend other specialists to you.
Diagnosis in this case consists not only of confirming the presence of hyperkeratosis, but of searching for the cause of such a condition. Therefore, you will most likely need to take blood tests and tissue samples from the affected areas of the skin, undergo an ultrasound examination, etc. If certain problems are detected, you will need to undergo an additional examination by a trichologist, immunologist, hematologist or neurologist.
Complex for the treatment of hyperkeratosis
To cope with hyperkeratosis that appears without underlying diseases, going to a cosmetology clinic will help. Here, dermatocosmetologists will select a complex of treatment, which includes the use of salon procedures, pharmacological drugs, a special diet and lifestyle correction.
Cosmetic procedures
To eliminate dead skin layers and deeply nourish facial skin tissues, cosmetologists select the most suitable cleaning methods.
Effective procedures:
- Chemical peeling.
This is a burn of certain layers of facial skin controlled by a cosmetologist, performed using various active substances. Depending on the skin type, degree of keratinization and age characteristics, it can be superficial, medium or deep.
- Brossage.
This is a hardware-based skin cleansing with special rotating attachments using an antiseptic gel or fine scrub.
- Ultrasonic cleaning.
The advantage of this method is the absence of mechanical impact on the skin. Cleaning is carried out using ultrasonic waves, which create acoustic pressure, ensuring easy removal of horn cells.
- Cryotherapy.
Exposure of the skin to ultra-low temperatures, which results in the death of surface tissues.
After these procedures, the face is cleansed of the stratum corneum, local metabolism and blood circulation are improved, and the natural hydration of cells is increased. This collectively suppresses the active processes of hyperkeratosis and prevents the development of inflammatory processes.
Pharmacological agents
A course of treatment with oral and local drugs helps regulate the division of keratinocytes and desquamation of horny scales, which allows for long-term remission.
Preparations:
- Corticosteroids.
The drugs are indicated for severe forms of hyperkeratosis accompanied by inflammatory processes. Ointments used: Prednisolone, Beloderm, Flucinar, Celestoderm, Dermovate, Hydrocortisone.
- Retinoids.
Derivatives and synthetic analogues of vitamin A. These are dermatoprotective agents that stimulate skin regeneration and suppress keratinization processes. They are used externally, intramuscularly and orally. Preparations: retinol palmitate and acetate (Videstim, Sanvit A); tretinoin (Lokacid, Retin-A, Vesanoid); acitretin (Neotigazon); etretinate (Tigazon).
- Salicylic acid.
These are drugs that cause active exfoliation of dead cells from the surface of the skin. For hyperkeratosis, ointments and pastes (1-10%), alcohol solutions (1-2%) are used.
- Vitamin complexes.
For hyperkeratosis, a course of vitamin therapy is recommended. For this purpose, complexes with a high content of vitamin A and C are used.
The process of treating hyperkeratosis is long and difficult. Any violations in treatment tactics can lead to a more intense process of cell division or the appearance of outbreaks of inflammation. Therefore, treatment is carried out only under the supervision of a dermatocosmetologist.
Cosmetology products
When treating hyperkeratosis, it is important to choose the right cosmetics. Many cosmeceutical concerns have a special line of skin care products for hyperkeratosis.
Used for skin care:
- facial cleansing using gommage, soft scrubs;
- rubbing with lotions;
- protective equipment;
- moisturizing creams and gels.
To do this, select products containing one of the components: vitamins A and C, lactic, fruit or glycolic acids, allantoin, urea, Shea butter, salicylic acid. It is better to buy products in pharmacies, where you can additionally get advice from a pharmacist.
Folk remedies
During treatment with pharmacological drugs, non-traditional methods should not be used without consulting a cosmetologist.
Recipes:
- Potato.
The product is used to soften the stratum corneum of the skin. The raw vegetable is grated on a fine grater, placed in a gauze cloth and applied to problem areas for 1 hour before bedtime before applying moisturizers.
- Aloe.
The plant contains vitamins A, E, C, and has anti-inflammatory, softening and antipruritic effects. To prepare a compress, the leaves of the plant are kept in the refrigerator for 15 minutes, crushed in a blender, placed in gauze and applied to the affected areas. Leave for 1-2 hours. The procedure is repeated 3-4 times a week.
- Propolis.
The product has antibacterial properties, so it will be useful in the development of foci of inflammation. Propolis tincture (2 tsp) is mixed with egg yolk (1 pc) and liquid honey (1 tsp). The mixture is distributed over the face, left for 20 minutes and washed off with warm water. The procedure is carried out 2 times a week.
- Beet.
The vegetable contains provitamin A, vitamin C, fruit and lactic acids. Peeled beets are ground on a fine grater and left for 2-3 hours. Distribute the mixture over the face and leave for 1 hour. The procedure is repeated every other day.
- Onion peel.
The crushed raw materials (4 tablespoons) are washed and scalded with boiling water. The husk is placed in a dark glass container and filled with 9% table vinegar (200 ml). The remedy is infused in a dark room for 14 days, filtered and used as a lotion. The duration of the procedure is 30 minutes, frequency 2-3 times a week. The procedure has a moderate keratolytic and antimicrobial effect.
- Burdock.
Dry raw materials (2 tbsp) are poured with water (0.5 l) and boiled for 10 minutes. The broth is filtered and poured into a glass container. Use to wipe the skin 2-3 times a day. The product helps exfoliate horny scales.
The effect of folk remedies will increase if you take a steam bath before using them. To do this, heat up a 1-3% solution of baking soda and hold your face over the steam for 3-5 minutes.
Nutrition and hygiene
People prone to skin hyperkeratosis should review their diet, switch to fractional meals and improve their drinking regime.
The diet includes products:
- vegetables and fruits;
- red fish, caviar, seafood;
- lean meats;
- milk, cottage cheese, natural yoghurts;
- egg;
- unrefined vegetable oils;
- nuts, dried fruits;
- whole grain bread, cereals.
You should avoid refined foods (preservatives, flavor enhancers, flavorings, chemical additives), fatty, hot, smoked and spicy foods. It is recommended to drink the optimal amount of fluid (30 ml X 1 kg of body weight). The best sources: filtered water, decoctions, compotes, juices and herbal teas.
The formation of multilayer scales with hyperkeratosis is attractive for the accumulation of dirt and dust particles. Therefore, it is important to monitor the cleanliness of the skin with special attention.
When washing your face, use special gels and soaps with moisturizing ingredients. The skin of the face is rinsed with gentle movements, avoiding rough friction. For wiping, use soft towels made of natural fabrics. After each water procedure, moisturizing and protective creams are used. Mechanical squeezing of blackheads and comedones is not allowed.
You can learn about ways to combat hyperkeratosis depending on the degree of damage by watching the video.
Treatment with folk remedies
Is it possible to treat this disease with folk remedies? Quite, but this is only an addition to the main methods of treatment.
So, if the disease affects the feet, then you can take salt baths. Yes, and regular baths for the whole body with herbs are suitable. The most effective are lavender and chamomile. Another popular folk remedy is a starch bath . But after it they don’t wipe themselves off, but let the body dry on its own.
Propolis ointment with olive oil is also used . It is applied in a thick layer to the skin affected by hyperkeratosis and covered with wax paper. They bandage the top and walk like that for a day or two. Afterwards the bandage is changed. Another proven folk remedy is aloe juice . It is applied to sore skin a couple of times a day.
Prevention of hyperkeratosis
The basis for the prevention of hyperkeratosis is adequate skin care, a constant supply of vitamins and macroelements from food.
The following will help to avoid recurrence of hyperkeratosis:
- regulation of hormonal and emotional levels;
- absence of prolonged sun exposure, overheating and hypothermia of the skin;
- application of protective measures when in contact with chemicals;
- use of protective cosmetics, regular facial cleansing;
- vitamin therapy courses:
- rational nutrition and hygiene;
Constant contact with a cosmetologist will help you keep abreast of cosmetic innovations and select products depending on the season and the problem that has arisen.
Despite the frequency of the problem, the phenomenon of hyperkeratosis is not fully understood. All forms of hyperkeratosis are quite difficult to correct and can quickly appear under favorable conditions. This suggests a chronic course of the disorder. Therefore, it is important for people prone to hyperkeratosis to get used to a new lifestyle and treat possible discomfort as positively as possible.
Hardware treatment methods
Of course, some cosmetology and aesthetic medicine products will also help cope with such an unpleasant disease as hyperkeratosis of the scalp. How to treat such a condition? First of all, patients are recommended various procedures for cleansing the scalp. For example, soft peelings using salicylic, malic, and citric acids will help cleanse the skin of “glued together” horny scales, improve blood circulation and tissue nutrition, and also speed up regeneration processes.
Laser therapy methods are also considered quite effective. Unfortunately, such products are not that cheap, so they are not suitable for all patients.
Reviews
I have had problems with hyperkeratosis since I was 12 years old. Goose bumps appear not only on the face, but also on the outside of the arms and legs. I started treatment only at the age of 18, when I did my first chemical peel. The skin condition improved significantly, but after 8 months the keratinization resumed. I tried taking vitamins A and E, but didn’t notice a significant difference. And with vitamin C, the tubercles began to lighten and the roughness noticeably decreased. In addition to this, I use urea cream, which moisturizes and smoothes the skin.
Malysheva Valeria, 22 years old.
I have suffered from hyperkeratosis since childhood; in my youth I was very worried about this. The skin of the face, neck and forearms was constantly covered with reddish bumps, which were also actively peeling off, abundantly showering clothes with white dandruff. As I got older, I learned to cope with the problem. I do laser peeling once a year to improve skin nutrition and hydration. While taking a bath, I lightly cleanse my skin with ground coffee and apply a moisturizer with AHA acids. I take vitamin A and E orally. Now the problem is noticeable only to me.
Knyazeva Ekaterina, 29 years old.
